Moisture in Modern Buildings

May 1, 2022 Order Reprints No Comments .spacedList li{ margin-bottom: 12px; }

Most building materials are permeable to moisture. More recently, buildings are being built more tightly which adds to the need for moisture control. Porous materials that become saturated with moisture lose their insulating ability and may not regain it when dry. Walls are particularly susceptible, and moisture migration should be prevented or minimized by use of low permeance membranes, called vapor retarders (formerly referred to as vapor barriers).

A vapor retarder is a material that has a flow rating of one perm or less. The permeability of one perm is often still too high for a vapor retarder to be effective in most building applications. A lower permeability rating is generally required. Generally, vapor retarders should be installed as close as possible to the side of the assembly through which moisture enters. Air barriers are designed to stop the movement of air, which can cause not only convective heat flow, but movement of large volumes of moisture along with the air.

 

Permeability, Strength, Durability, Fire Retardancy

Low permeability, high strength, and durability are the primary selection and specification criteria. Additionally, building code provisions may sometimes require use of materials which are fire retardant. Vapor retarders should be selected according to their intended performance, as determined by recognized, industry standard test methods.

The investment made in selecting and specifying an effective vapor retarder system during the design and construction process is only pennies per square foot. The cost of corrective measures required by improperly installing a vapor retarder, installing the wrong vapor retarder, or not installing one at all, has proven to be many dollars per square foot.

 

Sources of Vapor Retarder Problems

By understanding some of the pitfalls surrounding the effective installation of vapor retarders, specifiers can head off potential problems and failures. Contractors must install vapor retarder systems correctly by following the project specifications and the manufacturer’s installation recommendations. Some of the most common problems of vapor retarder systems include:

• Placing concrete on a vapor retarder rather than an absorptive base such as sand or gravel increases the water “bleeding” period. Concrete finishers sometimes poke holes in the vapor retarder to allow water to disperse so they can start work sooner.
• Workers often puncture the vapor retarder with stakes while placing edge forms and reinforcing bar supports.
• Vehicular traffic before and during concrete placement can rip thin, non-reinforced plastic sheets or cause underlying sharp aggregate to make thousands of tiny perforations in the vapor retarder material.
• Unsealed openings may occur along lapped edges of the vapor retarder, at intentional penetrations for pipes, conduits, outlet boxes and at the floor-wall intersection. The vapor retarder should be pulled up and sealed to the footing or foundation wall.

The amount of moisture vapor that can pass through the membrane (permeance) is especially important in applications where there will be a substantial interior/exterior difference in temperature, humidity or vapor pressure. Many “solid” building materials such as wood, brick, concrete or gypsum board offer little moisture protection due to their porous nature and require vapor barriers in such critical applications. Without proper installation, the permeance and strength of the material are of little consequence.

 

The Importance of Moisture Control

Moisture will flow through gaps in seams and around pipe penetrations just as readily as it does through tears in the membrane. There are several levels of permeance to choose from to meet the specific project demands for roofing, wall and ceiling, and under slab applications. The high strength of the Griffolyn reinforced membrane helps ensure that field performance is consistent with the lab-tested perm rating. The strength of the total system approach is most evident in the installation process. The most effective way to minimize moisture transmission through leaking field seams is to eliminate the seams altogether.